Embedded Systems
Preamble:
In today’s increasing global market place, successful companies are finding that
investments in hardware and software are no longer enough to maintain a competitive
edge. Human elements with specialized engineering and design skills have become the
essential part of the equation.
Embedded systems monitor and control everything from spacecraft to robots, microwave
ovens, automobiles, consumer electronics and much more. They control virtually
everything that is electronic in our lives.
Embedded systems are normally built around Microcontrollers, Digital Signal
Processors (DSPs) and FPGAs or SOCs. This Embedded System Design course focuses
on the architecture and programming of embedded devices such as Microcontrollers,
DSPs and FPGAs and also on embedded and Real-Time Operating Systems.
Objective of the Course:
To mould fresh electronics engineers and to retrain working engineers into High Caliber
Embedded System Designers by enhancing their knowledge and skills in various
hardware and software design aspects of Embedded Systems. This course offers a range
of topics of immediate relevance to industry and makes the students exactly suitable for
industries engaged in Embedded System development. This course is also an excellent
preparation for those wishing to engage in application research in this rapidly
developing area.
Outcome of the Course:
On completion of the Course, the Participants shall get
- Exposure with different families and architectures of Embedded System tools such as
Microcontrollers, DSPs, FPGAs etc.
- Expertise required to design any embedded system (H/w or S/w or both) based on any
of the above devices.
- Expertise in Embedded Software particularly in real-time programming with industry
standard RTOS such as VxWorks and RTLinux.
Course Structure:
The Embedded Systems course contains eight modules. After completing the first seven modules, the students have to do a six weeks project using any of the topics studied during the course period.
| EMBEDDED SYSTEMS MODULE NAME | DURATION |
| Embedded C and 8-bit Microcontrollers | 4 WEEKS |
| System Design using ARM Microcontrollers | 3 WEEKS |
| System Design using Digital Signal Processors | 3 WEEKS |
| Embedded Linux | 2 WEEKS |
| Embedded RTOS (RTLinux & VxWorks) | 2 WEEKS |
| System Design Using FPGAs | 2 WEEKS |
| Embedded Product Design | 2 WEEKS |
| Project Work | 6 WEEKS |
- Course Contents :
Embedded C and 8-bit Microcontrollers
Module Duration: 20 days
Objective
This module is framed to set the required background in ‘C’ Language for the rest of the
modules on embedded software. It aims at familiarizing the students in programming in
‘C’. This module covers the advanced topics in ‘C’ such as Memory management,
Pointers, Data structures which are of high relevance in embedded software are
considered in depth. This module makes use of KEIL C Compiler along with 8051
microcontrollers.
This module also covers the architecture of the popular 8-bit Microcontrollers such as
8051, and PIC for lower end applications. Microcontrollers with built-in peripheral
functions (such as PWMs for Motor Control or UPS, interface for Quadrature Encoders,
Frequency measurement, Serial ports, 10-bit 8-channel ADCs, Digital I/Os, EPROM,
RAM etc.), and lower power consumption are very popular and have drastically altered
the economics of Digital System Design. The low cost, small size and programmability
make them suitable for an enormous number of applications in products and systems like
fuzzy logic controllers, industrial automation, home appliances etc. 8-bit and 16-bit
Microcontrollers are widely used in industrial applications.
This module covers hardware and software design aspects in detail. The embedded
system design aspects using 8-bit Microcontrollers are also covered in detail.
Course Description
- a) Embedded C
All relevant aspects of ‘C’ programming under embedded environment are dealt with. It
starts with the basics of ‘C’ language and covers the advanced topics in detail.
Course contents
‘C’ programming
Storage Classes, Data Types, Controlling program flow, arrays, functions
Memory Management
Pointers, Arrays and pointers
Pointer to functions and advanced topics on pointers
Structures and unions
Data structures
Linked List, Stacks, Queues
Conditional Compilation, Preprocessor directives, File operations, Variable arguments in
Functions, Command line arguments, bitwise operations, Typecasting
- b) 8051 Microcontrollers
- Architecture of 8051 Family of Microcontrollers
- Assembly Language Programming of 8051
- Peripherals of 8051 Family of Microcontrollers
- System Design using 8051 Family of Microcontrollers
- Programming includes Keyboard Interfacing, LCD Interfacing, ADC and DAC,
On chip Timers and Serial port
- Mini Project using 8051 Family of Microcontrollers
Device Platform: SBC-51 Development Board, Keil ‘C’ Compiler & Windows based
Wise-51 Software.
Programming Language: ‘C’ and Assembly Language
- c) PIC Microcontrollers
- Architecture of PIC Family of Microcontrollers (18F series)
- Programming of PIC Family of Microcontrollers
- Peripherals of PIC Family of Microcontrollers
Device Platform: MPLAB Simulator & 18F452 Dev Board
Learning Outcomes
After successful completion of the module students should be able to:
_ Develop advanced programs in Embedded ‘C’
_ Understand the architecture of the various types of 8-bit Microcontrollers
_ Understand the programming of the various types of 8-bit Microcontrollers
_ Understand the hardware interfacing of the peripherals to Microcontrollers
_ Select a proper Microcontroller for a particular application
_ Design new embedded systems using 8-bit Microcontrollers
Reading List
- Let us C by Yashwant Kanetkar
- Embedded C, Pont, Michael J
- C Programming by Worthington, Steve
- C Programming language, Kernighan, Brian W, Ritchie, Dennis M
- Art of C Programming, JONES, ROBIN,STEWART, IAN
- C Programming for Embedded systems, Zurell, Kirk
- C and the 8051 Programming for Multitasking – Schultz, Thomas W
- 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems – Mazidi, Muhammad Ali, Mazidi,
Janice Gillispie
- Embedded Microcontrollers – Intel Hand Book
10.Programming and Customizing the 8051 microcontroller – Predko, Myke
- 8051 Microcontroller: Hardware, Software and Interfacing – Stewart, James W,
Miao, Kai X
- C and the 8051: Hardware, Modular Programming and Multitasking Vol i –
Schultz, Thomas W
- 8051 microcontroller: Architecture, Programming & Applications – Ayala,
Kenneth J
- Programming and Customizing PIC Microcontroller – Predko, Myke
- Design with PIC Microcontrollers – John B Peatman
- PIC Microcontroller Project Book – Lovine, John
System Design using ARM Microcontrollers
Module Duration: 15 days
Objective
The 32-bit Micro-controllers with ‘C’ language support and multifunction peripherals are
being used in most of the medium and high end Embedded applications such as Mobile
computing, Motion control, Wireless communication and even in Signal processing etc.
The processors provide high end computing power as well as an extensive array of
peripherals such as USB, LAN support, UART, Modem support, LCD/Graphics
interface, General purpose I/O, I2C, CAN etc.
The 32-bit ARM processors are used in high end computation requirements such as
Multimedia, Digital Camera and other high end applications. ARM processors are very
popular in Industries. This module focuses on the architecture of the 32-bit ARM9
Microcontroller. The assembly language programming as well as ‘C’ language
programming of the controller is also dealt in detail. The ARM Developer Suite with
Multi ICE and ARM9 kit from Cirrus Logic is used.
Course Description
- Introduction to ARM Family of Microcontrollers
- Architecture of ARM9 Microcontrollers
- Architecture of Cirrus Logic EDB9302/Atmel AT91RM9200 Family of
Microcontrollers
- ‘C’ & Assembly Language Programming of ARM Microcontrollers
- ARM and Thumb Inter-working
- Peripherals of EDB9302/AT91RM9200 ARM9 Microcontrollers
- Mini Project
Device Platform: Arm Developer Suite 1.2, Multi ICE and ARM9TDMI boards
(EDB9302 & EDB9315 from Cirrus Logic, AT91RM9200 from ATMEL)
Programming Language: Assembly Language & ‘C’
Learning Outcomes
After successful completion of the module students should be able to:
- Understand the H/w and S/w issues related to the design of a Microcontroller
based system catering to the needs of medium and higher end applications.
- Understand the architecture and programming of the 32-bit ARM Processors
Reading List
- ARM System Developer’s Guide – Designing and Optimizing System Software
by: Andrew N Sloss, Dominic Symes, Chris Wright; 2004, Elseiver
- ARM Architecture Reference Manual by: David Seal, 2001 Addison Wesley,
ENGLAND
- ARM System – On – Chip Architecture, Furber, Steve
System Design using Digital Signal Processors
Module Duration: 15 days
Objective
Digital signal processing techniques are so powerful that sometimes it is extremely
difficult for analogue signal processing to achieve the same or closer performance. This
module introduces the digital signal processing fundamentals like convolution, DFT,
FFT, Spectrum analysis etc. ‘C’ language will be used as the language for code
development. The fundamentals of ‘C’ programming will also be covered in this module.
MATLAB is a powerful tool for design and analysis of digital signal processing
algorithms. The capabilities of MATLAB tool will also be explored during the course.
The participants of this module will learn the architecture and programming of
TMS320C5510 DSPs and Analog Devices SHARC DSPs. The hardware and complete
implementation of selectable algorithms are dealt in detail with C5510 DSP.
Programming with peripherals of this DSP is also covered in the module. Code Composer
Studio IDE from Texas Instruments and Visual Studio from Analog Devices shall be
used as the programming and debugging tools. A mini-project is also part of this course.
Course Description
- Introduction to DSP Fundamentals
- FFT, Filter Design
- Introduction to MATLAB
- DSP Programming using MATLAB
- Introduction to DSP processors
- Introduction to Code Composer Studio (CCS)
- Architecture and Programming of ‘C5510 DSP
- Peripherals of ‘C5510 DSP
- Architecture of SHARC DSP
- Introduction to Visual DSP++
- Programming of SHARC DSP
Learning Outcomes
After successful completion of this module, students should be able to:
- Understand the Fundamental algorithms in Digital Signal Processing.
- Understand the MATLAB programming Language
- Understand the use of MATLAB for DSP applications
- Implement the Fundamental DSP algorithms using the ‘C’ programming
language.
- Understand the architecture and programming of the ‘C5510 DSP.
- Understand the Fundamental algorithms in Digital Signal Processing and their
implementation on the above DSPs.
- Will get familiarized with the Code Composer studio and Visual DSP
Development Environment for DSP programming and debugging.
Reading List
- Digital Signal Processing Design- Andrew Bateman, Warren Yates
- Introduction to Digital Signal Processing – John G Proakis, Dimitris G Manolakis
- Introduction to Digital Signal Processing – Johnny R Johnson
- Digital Signal Processing: A System Design Approach – David J Defatta
- Digital Signal Processing Laboratory Using MATLAB – Sanjit K. Mitra
- Digital Signal Processing – P Ramesh Babu
- Real – Time Digital Signal Processing: Implementations, Applications, and
Experiments with the TMS320C55X, Kou, Sen M, Lee, Bob H
Embedded Linux
Module Duration: 10 days
Objective
The objective of the course is to provide understanding of the techniques essential to the
design and implementation of embedded systems with embedded operating systems.
Course Description
- Introduction
Linux as Embedded Operating System
Comparison of Embedded OS
Embedded OS Tools and development
Discussion on Embedded OS Applications and products
- System architecture of a Basic OS
Internals of Linux OS
System Calls, Linux Compiler options, Make
Process, Multithreading and Synchronization
Serial port and Network programming with embedded Linux
Kernel module programming and Device drivers
- Inter Process Communication
Pipe and FIFOs, Shared memory, Sockets
- Getting Linux on a device
Linux boot sequence, Building Kernel, Building Boot image
- Linux porting on ARM
Building root file system, Kernel Compilation for ARM, Porting of Embedded
Linux to ATMEL ARM9 kit.
- Practical Sessions
Embedded Linux Applications
Learning Outcomes
After successful completion of the module, the students shall be able to:
- Understand the Embedded operating systems that is needed to run embedded systems
- Understand Embedded Linux and its internals
- Build embedded systems using Embedded Linux operating systems
Reading List
- GNU/LINUX Application Programming, Jones, M Tims
- Embedded Linux: Hardware, Software, and Interfacing, Hollabaugh, Craig,
- Building Embedded Linux Systems: Yaghmour, Karim
- Embedded Software Primer: Simon, David E.
- Linux Kernel Internals: Beck, Michael At Al
- UNIX Network Programming : Steven, Richard
- Linux: The Complete Reference: Petersen, Richard
- Linux Device Drivers: Rubini, Alessandro, Corbet, Jonathan
- Linux Kernel Programming: Algorithms and Structures of version 2.4: Beck,
Michael At Al
- Linux Kernel Development: Love, Robert
Embedded RTOS (RTLinux & VxWorks)
Module Duration: 10 days
Objective
The objectives of the course is to provide the students with an understanding of the
aspects of the Real-time systems and Real-time Operating Systems and to provide an
understanding of the techniques essential to the design and implementation of real-time
embedded systems.
Course Description
- Introduction
Embedded Software – Real-time Vs Non Real-time
Introduction to Real-time systems and Embedded Real-time Systems
Discussion of popular RTOS like RTLinux and VxWorks
Comparison of Embedded RTOSs (RTLinux and VxWorks)
Design Goals for Real-time software
Discussion on Embedded Real-time applications
Considerations for real-time programming
- System architecture of RTLinux
Introduction RTLinux
Thread Creation and Management
Thread Synchronization Mechanisms
IPC – RTFIFO, Shared Memory
Interrupt Handling
- System architecture of VxWorks
Introduction to VxWorks
Task Creation and management
Inter Task Communication Mechanisms
Semaphores, Message Queues, Pipes
Interrupts, Tornado tools
- Practical Sessions
Application Development under RTLinux and VxWorks
Learning Outcomes
After successful completion of the module, the students shall be able to:
- Understand the Embedded Real Time software that is needed to run embedded
systems
- Understand the RTLinux RTOS and their commands
- Understand the VxWorks RTOS and realtime application programming with it.
- Build real-time embedded systems using RTLinux and VxWorks real-time operating
systems
Reading List
- Embedded Systems Architecture Programming and Design: Raj Kamal, Tata
McGraw Hill
- Embedded/Real Time Systems Concepts, Design and Programming Black Book,
Prasad, KVK
- Software Design for Real-Time Systems: Cooling, J E Proceedings of 17the
IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium December 4-6, 1996 Washington, DC:
IEEE Computer Society
- Real-time Systems – Jane Liu, PH 2000
- Real-Time Systems Design and Analysis : An Engineer’s Handbook: Laplante,
Phillip A
- Structured Development for Real – Time Systems V1 : Introduction and Tools:
Ward, Paul T & Mellor, Stephen J
- Structured Development for Real – Time Systems V2 : Essential Modeling
Techniques: Ward, Paul T & Mellor, Stephen J
- Structured Development for Real – Time Systems V3 : Implementation Modeling
Techniques: Ward, Paul T & Mellor, Stephen J
- Monitoring and Debugging of Distributed Real-Time Systems: TSAI, Jeffrey J P
& Yang, J H
- Embedded Software Primer: Simon, David E.
System Design Using FPGAs
Module Duration
- 10 days
Objective
FPGAs are the present day tool for implementing many embedded applications. A basic
understanding of digital electronics is very useful for the proper understanding of this
topic. Basics of communication is also covered for further applications.
The course is structured to include the learning of VHDL syntax and the architecture of
most prominent vendor in the FPGA market, Xilinx FPGAs. Hands own experiments and
a mini-project are included in the module.
Course Description
System Design Using FPGAs
- Review of Basic Electronics (Digital Electronics + Communication)
- Introduction to VHDL
- VHDL Concepts, Types & Operators
- Sequential & Concurrent Statements
- VHDL Simulation
- XILINX FPGA Architecture
- Synthesis & Implementation on FPGAs
- Mini Project using FPGAs
Learning Outcomes
On completion, the participants will learn about:
- Writing the VHDL Programs
- Architecture of Xilinx FPGAs
- Programming of Xilinx FPGAs using VHDL
Reading List:
- VHDL Analysis and Modeling of Digital Systems – Navabi, Zainalabedin, MGH,
New York
- VHDL Primer – Bhasker, J, PHI Learning, New Delhi
- Guide to VHDL Syntax – Bhasker, J, PH, New Jersey
- VHDL – Perry, Douglas L, MGH, New York
- Digital Systems Design with VHDL and Synthesis : An Integrated Approach –
Chang, K C, IEEE Computer Society Press, California
- Designer’s guide to VHDL – Ashenden, Peter J, Harcourt India, New Delhi
- Introductory VHDL: From Simulation to Synthesis – Yalamanchili, Sudhakar,
Pearson Education (Singapore) PTE. Ltd., Delhi
- VHDL for Digital Design – Vahid, Frank,Lysecky, Roman, John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., New Jersey
- VHDL for Engineers, Short, Kenneth L, Dorling Kindersley (India), Delhi
- Design Warrior’s Guide To FPGAs: Devices, Tools And Flows – Maxfield, Clive
Max – Elsevier, New Delhi
- FPGA Based System Design – Wolf, Wayne, Pearson Education (Singapore)
PTE. Ltd., Delhi
- Programmable Logic Databook – Xilinx Inc.
Embedded Product Design
Module Duration
- 10 days
Objective
The objective of this module is to help fresh graduates and practicing engineers to
enhance their knowledge and skills of embedded product design covering various
dimensions of product development, Quality principles and tools, Project Management
etc and discussion with suitable case study.
Course Description
- Quality principles and tools
- Product Development Process
o System level design using hardware and software
o Hardware and software integration issues and testing
o Hardware and software coverification
o Component cost and costing in product design
o Case studies of real life designs
- Industrial Design
- Project Management (PERT/CPM) MS Project
- Interconnection design & EDA tools
- Thermal Design
- Documentation
- Team work and communication
- Embedded Product design Syndicate
- EMI/EMC
- Case study of Microcontroller based Design
o Project Design phase
o Hardware design and construction
o Software design and development
o Integration and debugging of hardware and software
o Final testing
o ORCAD Schematic and PCB Layout
- Mini Project
Learning Outcomes
After successful completion of the module, the students shall be able to understand and
practice quality principles and tools in product development process, right from
identifying customer requirements and translating them into product specifications and
realization of the product specifications through electronics, mechanical and industrial
design, product engineering and meeting the cost and development time constraints
through better project management.
Students shall Design and Develop a standalone Data Acquisition System using
Microcontroller. Conceptual design, PCB Design, PCB Assembly, Testing, Integration
etc. are covered in the mini project
Reading List
- Product Design & Development – Karl T Ulrich & Steven D. Eppinger; Mc Graw Hill
- Total quality management Besterfield, Dale H
- Relevant Data sheets and application notes
Project Work
Module Duration
- 6 Weeks
Course Description
The students can select hardware, software or system level projects. The project can be
implemented using Microcontroller or DSP or FPGA or RTOS tools which students
have studied and used during the course. A total product or project can be selected.
